【作者简介】秦广强，程琳，中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院；钟涨宝，华中农业大学农村社会建设与管理研究中心

【文章来源】《社会学评论》2025年第5期

【内容提要】既有关于家庭结构形态对农村儿童教育发展影响的研究，主要存在对父母缺位笼统处理、对祖辈同住补偿效应缺乏比较、对子代非认知能力传导机制重视不足等局限。本研究重点分析和比较了家庭结构缺损（父母离婚或去世）与家庭结构离散（父母外出）对农村儿童学业成就的影响及作用机制。基于中国教育追踪调查数据，本研究发现：家庭结构缺损和离散都会对农村儿童学业成就产生显著负面影响，且家庭结构缺损的负效应更强；祖辈同住可以缓冲家庭结构缺损对农村儿童学业成就的消极影响，但对离散家庭的补偿作用有限；非认知能力构成家庭结构缺损和离散影响农村儿童学业成就的中间机制，但二者的具体作用路径不同：家庭结构缺损主要通过影响情绪稳定性影响学业成就，而家庭结构离散主要通过影响尽责性影响学业成就。

【关键词】家庭结构 / 学业成就 / 祖辈同住 / 非认知能力 / 农村儿童

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V13/I5/162

Breakdown and Separation: A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Family Structure on Rural Children’s Academic Achievement

Abstract: Existing research on the impact of family structure on rural children’s educational development has primarily suffered from several limitations: an over⁃simplified treatment of parental absence, inadequate comparative analysis of the compensatory effects of grandparent co-residence, and insufficient attention to the transmission mechanisms involving offspring’s non-cognitive abilities. This study focuses on analyzing and comparing the effects and mechanisms through which family structure breakdown (due to parental divorce or death) and family structure separation (due to parental migration) influence the academic achievement of rural children. Based on data from the China Education Panel Survey, the findings reveal that both family structure breakdown and separation significantly negatively affect the academic achievement of rural children, with the negative effect of family structure breakdown being more pronounced. Co-residence with grandparents can buffer the adverse impact of family structure disruption on rural children’s academic achievement but offers limited compensatory effects for separated families. Non-cognitive abilities serve as an intermediary mechanism through which both family structure breakdown and separation affect academic achievement, though the specific pathways differ: family structure breakdown primarily influences academic achievement through emotional stability, whereas family structure separation mainly affects academic achievement through conscientiousness.